First mentioned in 1604. The name “Tsarychanka” comes from the name of the river Tsarychanka, which Turkic-speaking tribes called so because of the yellow color of the water. The river turned yellow from the erosion of the clay slopes of Mount Kalitva.
During the time of Hetman Samoilovych, Zaporizhian Cossacks Gavril Sal and Oleksiy Kocherga were wintering near Tsarichanka. In 1673–1674, immigrants from Uman and other areas of the Right Bank joined them.
In 1677, Tsarichanka was mentioned as the hundredth town of the Poltava regiment. The mountainous part of Tsarichanka, which was surrounded by earthen ramparts built to protect against the Crimean Tatars (they destroyed the Oril River basin in 1696), still retains the name Castle.
During the campaign of Charles XII to Poltava in 1709, there was a Russian garrison in the town.
The overwhelming majority of the population of Tsarichanka was registered Cossacks. In their free time from military service, they were engaged in agriculture, tobacco growing, beekeeping, fishing, and trade. In 1722, the tsarichany centurion Fyodor Babansky informed the office of the Poltava regiment that the Cossacks Hrytsko Bondarenko, Ivan Kolomiychenko and others were planting tobacco for sale, for which they were paying tax. In the winter of 1722, the city ataman Mykhailo Matsko left 120 bee families to winter, the Cossack Ivan Hnyria — 127, and the commoner Fedir Monya — 624. In Tsarychanka there was a brewery of Hryhora Lutsenko, a malt house of Danylo Zhdanenko and Vasyl Palaguta, who paid tax with beer and malt to the Perevolochnyan fortress.
Since 1731, Tsarichanka became part of the Ukrainian fortified line, as one of its fortresses. In April 1736, the headquarters of the Russian-Ukrainian army under the command of Count Minikh was located here, which was preparing for a campaign against the Tatars.
Every year in the summer, a fair was held in the town, where bread, cattle, leather, lard were traded. The fair fee went “to Mr. Colonel” and a penny to the local foreman. With the development of industries and trade, the number of burghers who settled in Podil — the trading district of Tsarichanka — increased.
In 1765, Tsarichanka became part of the Novorossiysk province.
Created in 1764 in the southern regions of the Left Bank from parts of the Donetsk and Dniprovsky hetman Cossacks (which included Tsarichanka), pike regiments revolted in October 1769. Deprivation of Cossack rights, cruel abuse, hard military service were the main reasons for the speech of former Ukrainian Cossacks. The Moscow government was afraid of the union of pikemen with the Zaporozhians and scattered rebel units operating in Slobidsk and Left Bank Ukraine, and in 1770 threw Russian troops against them, which suppressed the uprising. Mentions of the Pikinary uprising lived for a long time in the people’s memory, in tales and songs.
At the end of the 18th century, many Russian soldiers lived in Tsarychanka. In 1780, Oleksandr Suvorov visited Second Major Matvii Tymkovskyi and was treated after being wounded near Ochakov.
From 1775 to 1784, Tsarychanka was the center of Tsarychanka County with the voivodeship office as part of the Azov Governorate. From 1784 to 1797, Tsarichanka was called Oleksopil.
By order of Catherine II in 1794, Tsarichanka was subordinated to the Katerynoslav Governorship.
In 1797, in connection with the transfer of county towns to the state, Tsarichanka was named a post. The population of the town was then 4,000 people. A small garrison stood in the earthen fortress.
In 1802, Tsarichanka entered the Poltava province as a town of Kobeliatsky district. Since 1817, the Moscow government transferred Tsarichanka to the status of a military settlement.
In 1846, the town had 1,376 military settlers, 37 Cossacks, 4 state and 15 landlord peasants, and, in addition, merchants and burghers who traded in bread, cattle and sheep. Every year, 4 fairs were held here, to which goods were brought from the Poltava, Kharkiv, and Katerynoslav provinces.
According to data for the year 1859, there were 398 courtyards in the town of Kobeliatsky District, Poltava Province, in which 4,011 people lived (1,231 men and 1,340 women), there were 4 Orthodox churches, a village parish school, almshouse, a village massacre, 5 wax factories, 4 fairs per year.
On the eve of the peasant reform of 1861, almost the entire population of the town was actually in the position of state peasants. In 1863, the per capita tax on state peasants of Tsarichanka was 1 karbovanets, on Cossacks – 1 krb. 52 kopecks According to the decrees of 1866-1867 on the land system of state peasants, the inhabitants of Tsarichanka received allotments of up to 5 desyats. For them it was necessary to pay 2 krb to the treasury. from the tithe Land use remained communal.
As of 1885, 3,200 people lived in the former state town, the center of Tsarychanska volost, there were 591 households, there were 4 Orthodox churches, a synagogue, an inn, an inn, 22 benches, 31 windmills, an oil mill, and 4 fairs were held a year.
According to the 1897 census, the number of residents increased to 5,496 (2,649 males and 2,847 females), of which 5,259 were of the Orthodox faith.
According to the data of 1902 in the town lived about 4,500 people, there were 4 Orthodox churches, more than 30 windmills, a butter factory, and 4 annual fairs were held.
On April 4, 1917, on the occasion of the change of power in the Russian Empire, a large gathering was held in the town, attended by 3,000 people. They passed a resolution stating that there could be no return to the old order based on arbitrariness. The participants of the rally demanded an end to the war, the transfer of landlord and church land to the peasants. An important place in the resolution was given to the national question. It stated that “…all citizens must be equal before the law; any national and state restrictions cannot take place in a democratic state. Every nation has the right to cultural and national self-determination.” In December, after the overthrow of the Ukrainian government, the Bolsheviks and their supporters began to take over the town. Subsequently, the arbitrary redistribution of land began.
At the end of March 1918, Ukrainian-German-Austrian troops entered Tsarychanka and Ukrainian, now hetman, power was restored. The Hetman’s State Guard punished the peasants who supported the Soviet government. They killed the Galagan brothers, shot 35 people from those who received land from the Bolsheviks in the village square. Punitive detachments were formed in the fall of 1918. A detachment of the Black Hundred Chernov stormed Tsarichanka and brutally massacred its inhabitants.
The Bolsheviks restored power in Tsarychanka in January 1919.
In June 1919, Tsarichanka was occupied by Denikinites. In the villages of the district, the economy collapsed, the population was starving, and an epidemic of typhus began.
On December 15, 1919, the Red Army expelled the Denikinians from Tsarichanka.
On October 5, 1923, Tsarychanka became the center of Tsarychanka district of Poltava province. In June 1925, the Tsarichany district entered the Katerynoslav province.
On the eve of the Second World War, mechanical mills, oil mills, and an oil factory worked here. A club, a stadium and a water station were built. In the 1930s, a hospital with children’s and women’s consultations was opened in Tsarychanka. A pharmacy and a sanitary station were working. All children studied in secondary and two primary schools. In 1927, a movie camera was installed in the district building. The circle of the political world worked, as well as the atheist, dramatic and choral ones. In 1937, a new district House of Culture named after the 18th anniversary of October was opened, which had a hall for 450 seats. The newspaper “Kolhospnyk” was published – an organ of the Tsarychan District Committee of the CP(b)U and the Executive Committee of the District Council of Workers’ Deputies. The book fund of the village library was 9,500 copies.
With the advance of the German troops, the residents of Tsaritsyn evacuated collective farm livestock, bread, cars and other valuables to the East. The Communists formed a partisan unit consisting of 52 people.
On September 18, 1941, German troops entered Tsarychanka.
On September 24, 1943, the Red Army entered Tsarychanka. Units of the 48th Rifle Division took part in the battles for it. During the retreat, the Germans burned the village: out of 1,300 residential and public buildings, only 62 survived. The premises of schools, hospitals, the House of Culture, and district organizations were destroyed.
Since 1947, the construction of Tsarichanka has been carried out only according to the plan approved by the village council.
Since August 1957, Tsarichanka has been an urban-type settlement. In 1958, a music school was opened with two departments – piano and folk instruments. In 1967, the district library had more than 33,000 books. A choir operated in the Tsarychan House of Culture, which in 1960 received the title of “People’s Choir Chapel”. In 1960, on the initiative of local local historians and with the help of the staff of the Dnipropetrovsk Historical Museum, a people’s historical and local history museum was created in the village.
There was a food factory and a butter factory and other enterprises.
Tsarichanka had prospects of becoming a regional mineral water resort. Tourist bases and pioneer camps were built here. Architectural monuments in the nearby Kitay-gorod, an ancient mountain complemented the prerequisites for the development of a tourist center.
According to the 1989 census, approximately 7,700 people lived here.
